### Row Hammer The "row hammer" attack is where we repeatedly read memory from DRAM (some memory that we can read) we can cause bit flips in adjacent memory that gives us write access to our page table, allowing us to go where we should not. ### Rootkits Malicious software that runs in kernel mode and can change OS memory. NVD CVE-2019-6218 (entry in National Vulnerability Database) is that a malicious application can execute arbitrary code with kernel privileges (input validation issue in iOS, macOS, etc.).